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There are many factors that cause skin damage. How does the damage result? They may be from the UV light, pollution , and so on. For example, photoaging and free radical. Then the cells are influenced.   photoaging Sunlight will cause phtoaging. Chronically irradiated skin is metabolically hyperactive, thus giving rise to epidermal hyperplasia and neoplasia , increased production of elastic fibers (solar elastosis), accelerated breakdown and synthesis of collagen , and enhanced inflammatory processes. If DNA damaged and a mutation occurs in the gene, the keratinocytes may lose their ability. Free radical and antioxidants Stratum corneum is frequently and directly exposed not only to UVR but also to other outside forces such as air pollutants, chemical oxidants, smoking, and microorganisms . They are the resources of free radicals . If the protection is insufficient, oxidative damage may occur . Then the chronic accumulation of such deviated cell components may result in t

The relations of UVlight and the molecular in the skin How do light damage skin? Light consists of a spectrum of photons which contain energy that vary according to the wavelength.  The light interacts on the molecular and then changes their chemical structure or on the subatomic level by creating free radicals. Otherwise, not only UV light but also green, blue, and violet light can damage cells. A photon’s energy can be absorbed into the molecule which is then altered. As the absorption of energy, it can also result in electron changes with the generation of free radicals. A free radical is in fact simply an atom with an unpaired electron that starts up a destructive concatenation of chemical reactions. It may end up causing damage in the cell membranes or in the DNA of the cell. The following are the reaction after exposure to UVB, UVA, and blue light. The influence of increased free radical activity DNA strand breaks occur from increased free radical activity. W e

The specific substance in cosmetic and skin care products Sun protection For UVA 1.       Benzophenone-3 2.       Benzophenone-4 3.       Benzophenone-8 4.       Oxybenzone 5.       Dioxybenzone 6.       Sulisobenzone 7.       Methyl anthranilate (better) 8.       Butyl methoxy dibenzoyl methane For UVB 1.       PABA 2.       DEA-methoxycinnamate 3.       Ethyldihydroxypropyl PABA 4.       Glycery PABA 5.       Homosalate (better) 6.       Octocrylene 7.       Octyl methoxycinnamate (parsol MCX) (better) 8.       Octyl salicylate (better) 9.       Octyl dimethyl PABA 10.   Phenyl benzimidazole sulfonic acid 11.   TEA-salicylate Easy to Allergy 1.       PABA/ para aminobenzoic acid 2.       Octyl dimethyl PABA 3.       Benzophenones the others: Natural material Whitening 1.       Mercurous compound 2.       Hydroquinone 3.       Vitamin C, L-ascorbic acid 4.       Azelaic acid 5.       Arbutin/ Ursin 6.    

Photoaging is caused by the damaged DNA by UV light . The reaction of the inside skin is to release nitrous oxide to induce the production of melanin. Then the horny  layer is thickened, and this may make the surface of the skin feel rough. The influences include epidermis ( keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Langerhans cells ), dermis ( fibroblasts, collagen and elastin ), blood vessels, and water-retaining substances between the cells.  UV irradiation promotes the release of active substances which will cause the keratinocytes and keratinocyte stem cells may produce clones of abnormal cells.  They are varying size, pycnotic nuclei with abnormal DNA, and an irregular growth pattern. They will leads to an impaired barrier (stratum corneum) and, subsequently, dry skin. The appearance will be thickened with rough skin. Langerhans cells are in charge of immune functions . Irradiated Langerhans cells have fewer Birbeck granules and lose their dendrites .  The above phenomena w

The additive agent in cosmetic and skin care products Aroma Aroma can be divided into perfume and flavor. However, the cosmetic industry concerns the perfume only. Natural aroma From Animal 1.       Musk 2.       Civet 3.       Castreum 4.       Amergris From plant 1.       Rose absolute 2.       Jasmine absolute 3.       Neroli 4.       Lavender oil 5.       Ylangylang oil 6.       Tuberose oil 7.       Sage oil 8.       Clove oil 9.       Peppermint oil 10.   Geranium oil 11.   Patchouli oil 12.   Sandalwood oil 13.   Cinnamon oil 14.   Coriander oil 15.   Nutmeg oil 16.   Black pepper oil 17.   Lemon oil Synthetic aroma From Coke petroleum Easy to allergy aroma: Cinnamic alcohol, citronella, eugenol, coumarin, jasmine Synergy blend Blend the substance from natural and synthetic aromas together. Color Dyestuffs 1.       Azo dyes 2.       Triphenylmethane dyes 3.       Quinolone dyes 4.  

UVA andUVB Sun protection factor SPF is Sun Protection Factor. The number is determined experimentally indoors by exposing human subjects to a light spectrum meant to mimic noontime sun.   The SPF number only relates to UVB protection.  UVA is measured by the other definition.  UVA protection is not measured through SPF numbers.  PA is the Japanese measurement of sun protection. It is one of protection grade of UVA  . UVA is based on the Persistent Pigment Darkening (PPD) reaction reading at 2-4 hours of sun exposure.  PA is a protective level of strength to mark the three PA+, PA++ and PA+++. SPF(sun protection factor) Standard: ISO 2444: 2010 cosmetic sun protection test method in vivo determination of SPF (sun protection factor) Test by erythema Minimal dose: MED (minimal erythema dose) Process: exposure to the UV (wave length 290-400nm) Test skin type: type I~ III (ITA 0 >28 0 ) Duration: 16-24hrs after exposure UVA-PF (UVA protection factor)